Which version exactly? There’s been many v2 versions, and the exact version determines which features or bugs might exist. Please make sure to use the latest, v2.4.3.
I have to ask - do you really need Traefik in front of Caddy? You can completely replace Traefik with Caddy.
I happen to use Inertia with Caddy with a Laravel project, and it works perfectly. I’m almost certain the issue is with Traefik, which might not transparently proxy all headers. If your remove it from the pipeline, it should work just fine.
Oops, wrote the above before seeing this. What I wrote still stands though.