Hi @francislavoie thank you for your answer. However, I said that I run a split DNS set-up so the IP address you see is the public one. In my internal network, I get a local IP (IP of the caddy server) as the answer.
I have figured the solution now. Turns out that I was doing some network configuration the day before and I set a static IP address on my Windows laptop, and setting the DNS to 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1 (not the local DNS server). I think Chrome was confused in this state when its internal DNS cache still returned local DNS address, but the actual content it got might be different.
I tried clearing the DNS cache in Chrome, and then I was served with the public domain parking page. I just realized I have the wrong DNS setting. Switched the network setting back to DHCP and all is good to go. Sorry my mind was getting cloudy amid a local COVID surge.