Can not reach the Main Page of my MediaWiki that's behind a reverse proxy server (Caddy). I can only see the Apache2 Default Page

That means your browser couldn’t resolve your domain to an IP address. Make sure your DNS is correctly configured.

Caddy does not support simultaneously rewriting the path at the same time as proxying. Instead, you should use the rewrite directive to do that, before reverse_proxy handles the request.

rewrite * /mediawiki{uri}

But be aware that mediawiki may still respond to requests with /mediawiki in the links/assets, so rewriting may not work in all cases. This isn’t something Caddy can solve on its own. You’ll need to make sure it’s configured to not have a base path configured if you want to serve it from the root of your subdomain. It’s essentially the inverse of the problem described in this article: